Taking showers can make you ill – Mycobacterium avium biofilm

The Silent Role of Biofilms in Chronic Disease Forums Biofilm Community The Human Ecosystem Taking showers can make you ill – Mycobacterium avium biofilm

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    • #2823 Score: 0
      Harrison
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        Showering may be bad for your health, say US scientists, who have shown that dirty shower heads can deliver a face full of harmful bacteria.

        Tests revealed nearly a third of devices harbour significant levels of a bug that causes lung disease.

        Levels of Mycobacterium avium were 100 times higher than those found in typical household water supplies.

        M. avium forms a biofilm that clings to the inside of the shower head, reports the National Academy of Science.

        “ If you are getting a face full of water when you first turn your shower on, that means you are probably getting a particularly high load of Mycobacterium avium, which may not be too healthy ”
        Researcher Professor Norman Pace
        In the Proceedings journal, the study authors say their findings might explain why there have been more cases of these lung infections in recent years, linked with people tending to take more showers and fewer baths.

        Water spurting from shower heads can distribute bacteria-filled droplets that suspend themselves in the air and can easily be inhaled into the deepest parts of the lungs, say the scientists from the University of Colorado at Boulder.

        Potential threat

        Lead researcher Professor Norman Pace, said: “If you are getting a face full of water when you first turn your shower on, that means you are probably getting a particularly high load of Mycobacterium avium, which may not be too healthy.”

        While it is rarely a problem for most healthy people, those with weakened immune systems, like the elderly, pregnant women or those who are fighting off other diseases, can be susceptible to infection.

        They may develop lung infection with M. avium and experience symptoms including tiredness, a persistent, dry cough, shortness of breath and weakness, and generally feel unwell.

        When the researchers swabbed and tested 50 shower heads from nine cities in seven different states in the US, including New York City and Denver, they found 30% of the devices posed a potential risk.

        Since plastic shower heads appear to “load up” with more bacteria-rich biofilms, metal shower heads may be a good alternative, said Professor Pace.

        Showers have also been identified as a route for spreading other infectious diseases, including a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires’ disease and chest infections with a bacterium called Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

        Hot tubs and spa pools carry a similar infection risk, according to the Health Protection Agency.

        A HPA spokesperson said: “This is an interesting paper which provides further information about the occurrence of opportunist organisms – germs which do not usually cause infections in humans – in the environment.

        “These bacteria, which belong to the same family as TB, can be found in the environment and occasionally in water supplies but rarely cause disease in healthy people.

        “Further work will need to look at whether finding these organisms is associated with any increased risk of infection.”

        Story from BBC NEWS:
        http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/health/8254206.stm

        Published: 2009/09/14

      • #2824 Score: 0
        Harrison
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          September 15, 2009 By Andrea Anderson

          NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) – Many showerheads in American cities are home to opportunistic pathogens, according to a paper that’s scheduled to appear online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

          Researchers from the University of Colorado swabbed dozens of showerheads in nine American cities, using ribosomal RNA sequences to catalog the microbes present. While most of the microbes in the showerheads were harmless and fairly predictable, the team was surprised to find a potentially pathogenic species called Mycobacterium avium in several showerheads from the metropolitan areas tested.

          As part of an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation-funded project on human-microbe overlap in the environment, the researchers decided to focus on showerheads — a source of microbes that many people are exposed to regularly.

          “Shower usage provides a source of repeated exposure to microbes through aerosolization and/or direct contact,” senior author Norman Pace, a molecular, cellular and developmental biology researcher at the University of Colorado, and his co-authors wrote. “The inside of a showerhead is a specific niche that is moist, warm, and dark, and frequently replenished with low-level nutrient resources and seed organisms.”

          The researchers swabbed the inside of 45 showerheads in nine cities in Illinois, Colorado, Tennessee, North Dakota, and New York State. Their sampling sites included homes as well as public places. A few sites were sampled numerous times to gauge the stability of microbial communities.

          By relying on rRNA sequences, the team could identify the bacteria without first culturing them in the lab — a step that misses the majority of microbes in environmental samples, co-author Laura Baumgartner, a post-doctoral research in Pace’s lab, told GenomeWeb Daily News.

          For the current paper, the researchers relied exclusively on Sanger sequencing, though Baumgartner noted that they plan to incorporate Roche 454 sequencing into future studies.

          The team generated more than 6,090 16S rRNA sequences, which grouped into operational taxonomic units, or OTUs. They then compared the OTUs with known bacterial species to determine what sorts of microbes were present in the showerheads.

          Most of the microbes were innocuous and coincided with bugs in nature, especially those that inhabit soil and water. But others were unexpected.

          In particular, several samples contained an opportunistic pathogen called M. avium, which is related to the bugs that cause tuberculosis and leprosy. M. avium can cause pulmonary diseases — usually in individuals with compromised immunity. Symptoms of this infection include weakness, fatigue, and a dry, persistent cough.

          Overall, M. avium rRNA sequences represented nearly a third of the sequences found in showerhead biofilms, although the microbe was more common in showerheads from two metropolitan areas: New York City and Denver.

          “We were starting to conclude that pathogen levels we detected in the showerheads were pretty boring,” lead author Leah Feazel, a former technician in the Pace lab, said in a statement. “Then we worked up the New York data and saw a lot of M. avium.”

          And while M. avium was also detected in municipal water supplies in these areas, it was more than 100 times more concentrated in the showerhead biofilm samples.

          “If you are getting a face full of water when you first turn your shower on, that means you are probably getting a particularly high load of Mycobacterium avium, which may not be too healthy,” Pace said in a statement.

          Other Mycobacterium turned up as well. For instance, the researchers found one showerhead in Denver that was home to M. gordonae, another possible pathogen. M. gordonae was present on that showerhead over three sampling times, despite attempts to clean the showerhead with bleach.

          On the other hand, Baumgartner noted, the researchers detected very few sequences from the Legionnaires disease-causing bug Legionella pneumophila, even in samples taken from hospital settings.

          Those involved stress that the findings should not dissuade people from showering. Instead, they suggest that those who are heightened risk of opportunistic pathogen infection — such as immunocompromised individuals — may want to think about changing their showerheads regularly or use a showerhead filter.

          The researchers also emphasized that they did not detect M. avium in any showerheads fed by well water. And, Baumgartner explained, biofilms form more easily on plastic than on metal showerheads.

          The team is currently doing additional studies aimed at identifying microbes in indoor environments, including hospital waiting rooms, offices, homeless shelters, and New York City subway stations.

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